Dhokra: India's Tribal Lost-wax Tradition
印度 Dhokra 部落失蜡传统
标签：Dhokra, 失蜡法, 非遗, 印度, 贝尔金属
Dhokra（多克拉）是印度贾坎德、西孟加拉与奥迪沙部落世代相传的失蜡铸造，已列入世界非遗并获 GI 地理标志。匠人以蜂蜡混树脂捻成直径 1–2 mm 的蜡丝，在黏土芯上盘绕成器，外敷掺稻壳的黏土第二层范，焙烧时蜡丝流出形成浇道，再浇入 bell metal（铜 78–80%、锡 20–22%）。作品如立灯、马与象可高 1 m，表面保留蜡丝螺旋肌理，被誉为失蜡法的"活化石"。
Dhokra is the lost-wax tradition carried by tribal communities in Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha, now inscribed on UNESCO intangible lists with GI status. Artisans twist beeswax-resin threads 1–2 mm thick, coil them over a clay core, and encase the whole in a second clay mold mixed with rice husk; burnout leaves the wax threads as sprues for pouring bell metal (78–80% Cu, 20–22% Sn). Standing lamps and horse/elephant figures reach 1 m, their surfaces keeping the coiled thread texture — a living fossil of lost-wax casting. ---