Chinese Mold-casting Tradition: Ceramic Moulds to Sand
中国范铸传统：从陶范到翻砂
标签：陶范, 块范法, 商周青铜器, 翻砂, 仿古复制
商周青铜器以陶范块范法铸造：模范用当地黄土淘洗分级（粒度小于 0.1 mm 的细泥做面范，掺砂与草茎做背范），经 600–850℃ 焙烧后合范浇注，司母戊鼎重 832.84 kg，需 8 块腹范与多块泥芯拼合。宋代起翻砂法逐步取代陶范，因型砂可回用、造型更快。今天做仿古器复制时仍借鉴范铸的分型逻辑（垂直分型、多范合铸）来设计砂型的分型面与浇冒口。
Shang and Zhou bronzes were cast in piece-mold ceramic sections: loess was levigated into grades (clay under 0.1 mm for facing, sand- and straw-tempered clay for backing), fired at 600–850°C, then assembled for pouring — the 832.84 kg Simuwu ding needed eight mold sections plus several cores. From the Song dynasty sand molding gradually displaced ceramic molds since sand is reusable and faster. Today's replica founders still borrow piece-mold parting logic (vertical parting, multi-section assembly) when laying out sand-mold parting lines and gating. ---