Mercury Amalgam Gilding: Hazard History & Modern Alternatives
金汞齐鎏金的汞害史与现代替代
标签：汞害, 金汞齐, 职业健康, 现代替代, 文物安全
传统火法鎏金以金汞齐（Au 15–25%）涂布铜胎后于 400℃ 以上蒸汞，历史文献显示古代鎏金工匠多在四五十岁死于震颤、口腔炎与肾衰竭等汞中毒。现代职业卫生限值：空气中汞蒸气 0.02 mg/m³，蒸汞工序极易超标数百倍。今日任何个人与小型工坊都不得尝试汞鎏金；博物馆仅允许持证机构在负压通风与汞蒸气捕集设备中作业。替代路线：电镀金、金泥胶黏冷鎏金、真空蒸镀。处理传世鎏金器严禁明火加热，以免释放残留汞蒸气。
Historical fire gilding brushed gold amalgam (15–25% Au) onto copper and drove the mercury off above 400℃—the trade's tremors, mouth ulcers and kidney failure killed most gilders in middle age. Modern occupational limit for mercury vapor is 0.02 mg/m³, exceeded many times over during evaporation. No individual or small shop should attempt it; only licensed institutions, under negative pressure with vapor capture, may. Substitutes: electrodeposited gold, cold gilding with gold paste, vacuum deposition. Never heat historic fire-gilt objects—residual mercury vaporizes.