Glossary: Polarization, Throwing Power & Leveling
术语：极化曲线、分散能力与整平
标签：电化学原理, 极化曲线, 分散能力, 整平剂, 添加剂
阴极极化曲线（电位-电流密度关系）是镀液行为的"指纹"：极化度越大（曲线越陡），电流在远近件间的分配越均匀，深凹处镀层越厚。分散能力由极化度与电解液电导共同决定——经典数据：瓦特镍浴加入糖精与丁炔二醇后，分散能力可从约 30% 提升至 55%。整平机理是添加剂在微观峰处吸附抑制沉积，使谷部相对更厚，20 min 内可将 5 μm 划痕填平。调试新浴时先扫极化曲线，再在哈林槽中用远近阴极实测分散能力验证。
The cathodic polarization curve is a bath's fingerprint: the steeper the slope, the more evenly current divides between near and far cathodes. Throwing power combines polarization with electrolyte conductivity—adding saccharin and butynediol to a Watts nickel bath lifts it from roughly 30% to 55%. Leveling comes from additive adsorption on micro-peaks, filling a 5 μm scratch within 20 minutes. When commissioning a bath, scan the polarization curve first, then verify throwing power in a Hull cell with paired cathodes.