Corrosion Stratigraphy & Fake-patina Identification on Ancient Bronzes
古铜器锈蚀分层结构与假锈鉴别
标签：考古, 锈蚀分层, 假锈鉴别, 青铜病, 显微观察
真埋藏锈是多层次结构：外层为土沁矿化层（孔雀石、蓝铜矿），中层为赤铜矿或碱式氯化铜带，内层紧贴基体的是致密 SnO₂ 玻璃化腐蚀层，层间有自然过渡与孔隙。假锈常见破绽：颜色单一均匀无层次；紫外灯下发荧光（现代树脂）；酒精棉签擦拭被染绿（有机染料）；表面硬度过高呈玻璃光泽（环氧灌注）。有害的粉状浅绿"青铜病"锈用针轻拨即崩落粉末并持续扩散，须隔离脱盐处理。人工做旧者应研究真锈的层次逻辑，切忌以单一硫化黑层冒充百年锈色。
True burial patina is stratified: an outer mineralized soil crust (malachite, azurite), a middle band of cuprite or basic copper chlorides, and a dense glassy SnO₂ layer bonded to the metal, with natural transitions and porosity between. Fakes betray themselves: single flat color without layers; fluorescence under UV (modern resins); green stain on an alcohol swab (dyes); glassy hardness from epoxy injection. Powdery light-green "bronze disease" crumbles under a needle and keeps spreading — isolate and desalinate. For artificial aging, study real stratigraphy rather than faking centuries with one sulfide black.