Metalsmith Apprenticeship: Planishing to Independent Raising
金工学徒制：从打平到独立起凸
标签：学徒制, 打平, 下陷, 出徒件, 金工行会
传统金工学徒按四步走：先在平砧上练打平（planishing，月余，练匀速与锤面贴合），再学下陷做碗（sinking，掌握退火时机），第三步上窝砧起凸（每圈高差 ≤5 mm），最后做一件带嘴带把的成品器作为出徒件。英国金工行会学徒制 4 年（Goldsmiths' Company 至今主持考核），日本延续家内见习制。核心考核：壁厚均匀度（±0.2 mm）与退火次数控制，火候判断需师傅在旁口传两年以上。
Traditional metalsmith apprenticeships run four steps: planishing on a flat stake (a month or more of even, full-face strikes), then sinking a bowl (learning anneal timing), then raising on a curved stake (≤5 mm height gain per ring), and finally a finished vessel with spout and handle as the journeyman piece. The Goldsmiths' Company in Britain still examines a 4-year apprenticeship; Japan keeps household training. Key assessments: wall uniformity (±0.2 mm) and anneal discipline — heat judgment is learned beside the master for at least two years.