QA: Mould Seams and Casting Marks in Bronze Authentication
问答：范线与翻模痕迹如何辅助青铜器断代
标签：断代,范线,翻模辨伪,微观比对
商周陶范铸造的器物在范块接缝处常见范线（披缝）与纹样错位，纹样单元对称重复、间距规整；现代失蜡或硅胶翻模复制品则无范线，多见蜡缝打磨痕、纹样过渡圆润呆板。鉴定的第一步是检查足内、耳后与纽部的范线残留，再用邵氏 A10 微硅胶提取 0.02 mm 级纹样截面，与馆藏标准器的同类纹样做放大比对。
Shang-Zhou piece-mould bronzes show casting seams (flashing) and slight pattern misalignment at mould joints, with symmetric, evenly spaced motif units; modern lost-wax or silicone replicas lack seams and show polished wax lines with soft, lifeless transitions. First check for seam remnants inside feet, behind handles and lugs, then lift a 0.02 mm-scale micro-mould (Shore A10) of the pattern cross-section and compare it, magnified, against museum reference pieces.